International Journal of Applied Science and Research

Trang, Tran Thi Nhu

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research was to establish the degree of English competences required of nursing students during their training and to prepare them for future work as international nurses. The research was descriptive qualitative in nature. To collect data for this study, in-depth interviews were employed to address the study's goal. Six students from a Vietnamese university's nursing department took part in the research. According to the results of the data analysis, there are ten major competencies that nursing students must master in order to succeed in the field. Giving basic treatment explanations, providing health counseling, explaining pathology and its treatment, translating data collection, medical records, and report data, executing basic treatment, using communication skills in healthcare, approaching the patient, listening, questioning, and diagnosing, giving explanation and advice, and communicating in terms of involving the patient in management were among the competencies. Lecturers, the head of the department, and the university's academic council were given some implications and recommendations based on the findings.

Keyword: communicative competences, nursing students, English, qualitative research, health sciences.

Margaret Wandera Nyongesa, PhD*1 & Ruth Maithya 1

ABSTRACT: Factors influencing health seeking behaviours are well documented in literature. In Kenya, chronic shortage of drugs and staff in public health care institutions coupled with poor equipment maintenance and inadequate logistical supporthave all contributed to the compromise of quality of care forcing many patients to seek healthcare services in faith– based hospitals. This studysought to identify factors that led to patient's attraction to health care services at St Joseph Shelter of Hope (SJSHope)Mission Hospital in Voi, Taita Taveta County, Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was applied and systematic sampling method was usedto draw a study sample of 280 patients. A structured questionnairewas used to collect data duringclient exit interviews. Data was collected over4 weeks, recorded and analysed at P < 0.05 level of significance using SSPSS. The relationship between variables was tested using Chi- square and the results were presented in tables and graphs.The most significant contributing factors in attracting patients to the hospital were; waiting time,affordability of the drugs, patients trust of the health care providers, attitude of providers and overall cleanliness of the facility. The study recommends thatHealth Care Providers (HCPs) embrace patient-centred health care provision whereby the clients' concerns are considered and valued. Additionally, a health care funding system that affords the poor and vulnerable individuals quality health care should be put in place as a critical advancement towards the realization of Universal Health Coverage (UHC).

Keyword: Attraction, Faith Based Hospital, Health care services, Health Seeking Behaviour

1. Dr. Shahida choudhary, 2. Dr Mrityunjay professor, 3. Dr. Sunita kumari, 4. Aprajita Gupta

ABSTRACT: Background: In recent years, the term metabolic syndrome has gained much use in public health. Linking the risk of metabolic syndrome with Vitamin D deficiency is the result of a broad spectrum of its activities in the body through Vitamin D Receptors (VDR), involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and type-2 diabetes. The present study has been conducted to explicitly find a possible association of vitamin D level with anthropometric parameters. Materials and methods: A total of 101 healthy female subjects from female battalion of J&K Police were included in the study. The subjects who were actively involved in law and order duties were included. Only those who volunteered to be part of our study were taken up. The study was under taken after approval by the institutional Ethical committee. Results: Very high prevalence 55.5% (26.7-81.8) was seen in subjects with BMI > 30(obese). The proportion of overweight subjects with BMI more than 25 and less than 30 were 24.28% prevalent of metabolic syndrome. Those falling in the normal weight criteria have only 5.66% (1.9-16.6) prevalence. In our study, total number of subjects found to have central obesity (wc>88) were 40. Prevalence of MetS among subjects with central obesity was 47.5(32.94-62.5) with 19 subjects having MetS out of 40. Only one subject was having MetS out of 61 having normal WC showing prevalence 1.64 (0.29-5.72). Conclusion: We found that anthropometric parameters were significantly associated with MetS among women who had low vitamin D levels.

Keyword: Metabolic syndrome, Vitamin D, Anthropometric parameters

Rong Deng 1 and Yue Huang 1

ABSTRACT: Autologous tooth grafts are a new, highly biocompatible option for alveolar ridge preservation. The inorganic component of the tooth acts as a scaffold to maintain volume and allows donor cells to attach and proliferate, while the organic component contains a variety of proteins and growth factors that promotes bone reconstruction and repair. The composition of dentin is similar to that of alveolar bone, which is the rationale for tooth grafts to be a ideal option of bone graft material. In recent years, some progress has been made in the field of autologous tooth grafts materials, and studies have confirmed their safety and feasibility after successful clinical application. Compared with other bone repair materials such as autologous bone, allogeneic, xenograft and allogeneic bone substitutes, autologous dental-derived materials have unique properties. Here we introduce the basic components and characteristics of autologous tooth grafts, and summarize the clinical randomized controlled trials to provide reference for scholars and clinicians.

Keyword: tooth graft, alveolar ridge preservation, randomized controlled trials

Ibitomi O.O, Abubakar A.A, Ibietan E.O, Olaniyi S.S

ABSTRACT: Vegetables are the principal source of nutrients and play a crucial role in maintaining sound health. But, vegetables are being contaminated by various types of unwanted substances which is becoming an alarming issue nowadays. Intake of contaminated vegetables may cause several diseases and hamper normal physiological functions. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to establish a database about the contamination status of heavy metals in popular vegetables and their growing soil in selected areas of Offa Local Government. The concentrations of heavy metals in growing soils from the two selected areas were found to be within the permissible limit but the concentration of Pb, Cr, and Zn in vegetable were higher than the safe limit recognized by joint FAO/WHO. Therefore, the consumption of these vegetables is a matter of concern and regular monitoring is strongly recommended.

Keyword: Heavy metals; Soil; Vegetables; Contamination.

ARSLAN, AYSEKOK

ABSTRACT: Driven by recent developments in AI, Web search queries such as auto-suggestion have become very popular. It start with a discussion of methods and techniques used for recommender systems and suggests a deployment approach with continuous iteration to reduce associated risks.A process based on the use-cases for a recommender system API to achieve respectful behavior is also explored. The paper concludes that as there is no silver bullet for AI, in addition to the control mechanisms that should be put into place to ensure transparency in collection, use and dissemination of the AI data, there should also be codes and standards in place to ensure users' privacy and to raise awareness about the AI so that individuals can protect themselves.

Keyword: ML, AI, big data, IOT

Prof. Huseyin Gokcekus (Lecturer) and Leona Kebeh Cegbe

ABSTRACT: Liberia isa poor income country with a limited transition to renewable energy sources and consumption. While the Government of Liberia and other credible institutions ensure to electrify the entire country, many impoverished Liberians use charcoals for cooking their foods. Some are still burning firewood, particularly those rural residents. Therefore, Liberia continues to experience climate change. This study aimed to determine much renewable energy there is now and how much it could be used in the future, including the major impediments and obstacles that the energy sector faces in Liberia. Also, the research was intended toexamine measures required to facilitate deployment and orient Liberia's future design, delivery, and adoption of affordable and sustainable energy solutions. In fulfillment of the study, a qualitative research method was employed whereby relevant literature ranging from theoretical and empirical were examined. The study findings reveal that the continuous usage of charcoal and burning of woods emits a high rate of carbondioxide in Liberia, affecting many Liberians' health, especially children with a weak immune system. It was reported that 70% of urban residents in Liberia still use charcoal for cooking, while 91% of rural residents use firewood (AfDB, 2017). This report poses huge challenges to Liberia's national growth and human development. However, the study found out that the Liberia Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a National Climate Change Policy and Response Strategy (NCCPRS) to ensure appropriate measures are instituted to protect those sectors that are often affected and establish a resilient for avoiding or preventing further phenomena (Liberia’s Climate Policy, 2018) Former Liberia EPA Director confirmed and disclosed the plans of the Liberian Government towards mitigating climate change issues across Liberia.

Keyword: Renewable energy, climate change, carbondioxide

Tareq Iqbal 1, Md. Alimurreza 1*, Sumi Akter 2, Sabrina Shahrin Swarna 3, Habiba Altaf 4 Sultana Api*, Shyama Sarker Tuli*,Imrul kayas*

ABSTRACT: Jute fiber is a vital component of the agricultural industry. In Third World countries like India, China, and Bangladesh, it is one of the most common natural fibers. The jute sector is vital to Bangladesh's economy, and it continues to be a major source of foreign cash.Synthetic fibers, on the other hand, pose a serious threat. Jute fibers are used in high-end decorative and furnishing items like lampshades, wall coverings, curtains, and upholstery. Jute is presently the world's second most significant fiber, behind cotton, in terms of volumeJute fibers have been partially displaced by synthetic fibers, which have some advantages over jute in conventional uses such as carpets, ropes,sacks, and so on. Nontraditional channels for the fiber must be investigated in order to give a reasonable return to producers. Fiber-reinforced composites are one such possibility.Jute's prospects stem from a worldwide awareness of environmental issues, as well as its environmentally benign qualities. Jute, a natural fiber that may be used to enhance or replace synthetics in a variety of applications, is gaining traction in the industry. Jute is used in a variety of goods, including pulp and paper, geo-textiles, composites, and household textiles, in addition to its traditional uses.Jute is a renewable energy source that produces a large amount of biomass per unit of land area every year. It is biodegradable, and its products can be disposed of safely without endangering the environment. The roots of jute plants are important for boosting the fertility of your soil. The carbon dioxide assimilation rate of jute plants is high, and it cleans the air by eating enormous amounts of carbon dioxide. As a result, the study's objectives are to assess and review the effects of jute in Bangladesh.

Keyword: Jute fiber, uses of jute fiber, further application of jute fiber, consumption of jute fiber, future of jute fiber.

Mwaura, M.M. and Isutsa, D.K.

ABSTRACT: Plant productivity is often fixed early during vegetative growth. Multi-purpose pumpkin has valuable medicinal, nutritional and food security properties. However, cultivation using no inputs leads to poor vegetative growth that negatively impacts subsequent productivity. This study determined influence of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kgN/ha), mulch as none, unpainted, and black-painted rice straws, and GA3(0, 40 and 80 mg/L) on its growth. Experimentation was done in randomized complete block design, replicated three times in two seasons, and each plant occupied 2mx2m space. Parameters measured were vine number, length, diameter, and leaf area. Analysis of variance used SAS and mean separation used the least significant difference test (α=0.05). N and GA3did not significantly (P>0.05) affect growth. Their effect showed a rise followed by a fall with increasing rate. Mulch significantly (P<0.05) enhanced growth. Combined N, mulch and GA3 complemented, leading to no significant variation in growth, except leaf area that ranged from 397cm2 to 708cm2(P=0.005). Use of 100kgN/ha, black mulch, and 40mg/L GA3alone or combined is recommended to enhance growth.

Keyword: Leaf area, Photosynthate source, Vine number, Vine length, Vine diameter

Eviana S Tambunan 1,*, Ratna Ningsih 1

ABSTRACT: Health cadres hold great potential in supporting families with LBW infant. Their main roles include educating and motivating families to do Kangaroo Method Care (KMC) and exclusive breastfeeding for LBW infant. This quantitative study used a quasi-experimental method without a control group to see the effectiveness of LBW infant care training on 109 cadres from 5 sub-districts in East Jakarta, Indonesia. The measured variables are knowledge, practice and attitudes of the health cadres before the training compared to after completing the training. The Paired T Test is used as a statistical tool to see the discrepancy of the variables after the intervention. The study indicates cadres’ knowledge (p = 0.00), practice (p = 0.00) and attitude (p = 0.00) improvement after training. The cadres’ knowledge score increased to 1,450 (14.30%), meanwhile the practice variable score increased to 2,486 (15.45%), and attitudes variable score increased 1,450 (14.30%). This study revealed that LBW infants care training and capacity building improve cadres’ knowledge, practice, and attitude (up to 14,30%, 14,30 %, and 15,45%). Based on this finding, health cadres are expected to give more contribution to the local community to reduce morbidity and mortality of LBW infants by monitoring and educating families who have LBW infants.

Keyword: LBW infant care, cadre, kangaroo method care

Nyonbada Deborah Strother & Professor dr. Huseyin Gokcekus

ABSTRACT: Liberia is vulnerable to climate change due to its warmer temperatures, and continues to increase in annual rainfall, and increases heavy rainfall frequency (USAID, 2010). The study was conducted to determine the major effects climate change has on Liberia, using a qualitative research method with focus on both foreign and domestic literature that validate the situation. From the study, the researcher found that climate change mainly through a heavy downpour of fall causes floods and deplete water resources during dry season. Generally, it threatens the survivability of community dwellers and demonishes their properties as well. Nevertheeless, according to article 12 of the United Nations frame convention on climate change that Liberia is expected to produce its National Strategy to mitigate the effect of Climate Change and the inventories of Greenhouse and sinks (NCSA, 2003). The Government of Liberia through a vibrant effort of the Evironment Protection Agency promised to reduced or eliminate the threats climate change is imposing on Liberia.

Keyword: Flood, Rainy and dry seasons, Climate change etc.

Lexi Bubenchik 1, Sharonda Pruitt, Ed.D 2. Dean Culpepper, Ph.D 1 . & Sarah Mitchell, Ph.D 1.

ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected every aspect of life globally. Collegiate athletes already have more stressors than traditional students and they are now being forced to continue their sport with uncertainty on a routine basis. The purpose of this study was to survey the anxiety levels of collegiate athletes on returning to play. 241 Division I, II, and III athletes completed the STAI. There were significant gender differences F(1, 204) = 16.65, p <.001 but no differences for school status (e.g. freshman). Division differences were found, F(1, 204) = 5.13, p =.025 with Division III scoring higher (mean = 58.92, sd = 13.19) than Division II (mean = 54.35, sd = 13.37). No other significant differences between divisions were found. Football and volleyball were the only sports where significant differences (p=.023) were found, [F(9, 172)= 3.05, p =.001, Eta-squared = .137]. The mean of the STAI for the entire sample was extremely high (mean= 58.24, sd=13.42) which might account for the lack of differences among the groups. On the other hand, it highlighted the extreme anxiety about having to perform in the middle of a pandemic. Athletes are generally considered hardier than the normal population, yet the anxiety exhibited reported was extremely high.

Keyword: Sports, STAI, Division II

Maryati Doloksaribu 1a, Pintor Simamora 1, Lisnawaty Simatupang 2

ABSTRACT: Research has been carried out to make supercapacitors based on carbon nanopores and transition metal oxides. Carbon nanopores have been made from coconut shells using a simple heating method with a carrier gas with various activation temperatures to produce carbon nanopores. The activation process is carried out with the chemical compound potassium hydroxide (KOH) by heating tube flowing with nitrogen gas. The resulting carbon nanopores have a specific surface area of 1056 to 1469 m2/g with pores at nanopore size. Size of pore between mesopore and macropore sizes. The maximum specific capacitance was obtained from the nanoporous fraction. Cyclic voltammetry test results show that the specific capacitance does not only depend on the specific surface area but is also determined by the pore size distribution, especially in the mesoporous and sub-nanoporous ranges. The effect of porosity and crystallinity of carbon nanopores on supercapacitor performance was also investigated. The results show that the degree of crystallization of carbon has a significant effect on the specific capacitance. To increase the conductivity, specific surface area, and increase the nanoporosity of activated carbon, which ultimately increases the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor, the use of nano size TiO2 materials has been investigated. From the results it is evident that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles affects the capacitance.

Keyword: supercapacitor, carbon, nano porous, coconut shell, KOH, composite, TiO2, nanoparticles

Dr. Prashant Kanade 1 , Vedant Darak 2, Harsh Singh 3, Shubham Singh 4, Anurag Singh 5

ABSTRACT: The primary purpose is to present a mechanism for analyzing information systems, both those bought off-the-shelf and those developed internally. This MIS Evaluation Framework provides a mechanism for the industry to determine the quality of an information system. MFIs, donors, and other external stakeholders, as well as system developers, can use the project because it is very versatile. It can be used by MFIs to assess off-the-shelf systems in their hunt for a suitable solution. External entities can use it to evaluate off-the shelf or internally developed systems to assist an MFI, identify alternatives, or include as part of an institutional appraisal. Software development and information systems can use it to build a better system for rural social finance groups.

Keyword: Microfinance Institutions, Mahila bachat Gats, NABARD, Incentive System, Poverty, Self Help Groups, etc.

Linh, Hoang Thuy

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine which factors have the most impact on student's motivation in learning English in online learning environment. 350 students in grade 10 and grade 11 at a High School for gifted students participated in the present investigation. A Likert-scale questionnaire was used to collect data for the present investigation. The questionnaire consists of 50 statements that aim to investigate the factors influencing the character of the student's motivation to learn the English language in online environment. The questionnaire was built based on Svobodavá's (2015)consisting of factors affecting students' learning motivation including integrative motivation, instrumental motivation, social motivation, parental encouragement, peers influence, teacher influence – personality, teacher influence – performance, teacher influence – feedback, group dynamics, and sense of belonging. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) method was used to analyze the collected data. Results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that the three most influential factors affecting students' motivation in learning English, students had chosen three factors: Teacher influence, parental encouragement, and instrumental motivation. Some implications and recommendations for teachers and parents were presented.

Keyword: motivation, non-English major, high school students, online learning, factors

Ester Joy Obra Bayawa, Eugenio S. GuhaoJr., D.M.

ABSTRACT: This study determined the mediating effect of school climate and teachers' personalities on the relationship between principal instructional management and teachers' self-efficacy in Region XI. The descriptivecorrelational research design was utilized in this study with a sample of 400 elementary teachers. Sets of adapted survey questionnaires were used to obtain data from the respondents, which were subjected to content validity and reliability analysis. The data were analyzed using the Mean, Pearson-r, and Path Analysis. The results revealed that the levels of principal instructional management, teachers’ self-efficacy, school climate, and teachers' personality are evident most of the time. Moreover, a significant relationship existed between these variables. A significant partial mediation of school climate and teachers' personality on the relationship between principal instructional management and teachers' self-efficacy of elementary teachers in Southern Mindanao was proven in the study.

Keyword: principal instructional management, school climate, teachers' personality, teachers’ self-efficacy, Philippines

Ioan Pop*

ABSTRACT: The present comment refers to some doubtful results included in the paper" Numerical study of hydromagnetic radiative stagnation point flow of nanofluid across a curved surface by Khan et a1. [1]".

Keyword: nanofluid, stagnation point, curved surface, hydromagnetic, radiation

Ioan Pop*

ABSTRACT: The present comment refers to some doubtful results included in the paper" Numerical study of hydromagnetic radiative stagnation point flow of nanofluid across a curved surface by Khan et a1. [1]".

Keyword: nanofluid, stagnation point, curved surface, hydromagnetic, radiation

1 Enas Nagah El-Halwagy, 2 Marwa El-Zoklah

ABSTRACT: The urban public open spaces expression has find its meaning with humans' activities and presence, and more than its physical role, the urban public open spaces are important to createa social interactions among citizens. The Cities’ public open spaces are affected by social- and economic changes of their time with different appearances in the city. There are many types of urban spaces which provide good or poor spaces for people. These types of urban spaces may respect or ignored the human scale. These urban open spaces definitely have an impact on the person who passes through it or stay to make any activity in that space. The problem is that some of these urban open spaces make people uncomfortable, so it should respect human scale by its properties to make them feel comfortable. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the properties of the urban open spaces which make the people comfortable in the space by considering scale. Its properties, special enclosure and elements within enclosure. The paper will discuss all those topics based on urban literature, some guidelines regarding the appropriate scale for urban open spaces will be deduced with a special emphasis on human scale and some proposals for several open spaces in Alexandria, Egypt.

Keyword: Human scale; open spaces; special enclosure; elements within enclosure.

WOUNBA Jean Francois 1; ALYOUM HAOUSSA 2; MADOM DE TAMO Morrelle 3; NKENG George ELAMBO 4

ABSTRACT: Background: The road provides 90 % of the world’s transport. Though it has many advantages, it is also the real cause of the biggest tragedy of humanity: road crash accident. Road crash injuries are the 8th leading cause of death globally (1.3 million on the latest WHO estimates, 2018); 90% of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Among factors that influence Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs), road infrastructure has been pointed out by certain authors as something to take into account. Objective: The objective of this research was to identify the influence of road infrastructure on RTAs, using the Safe System Approach, as a means to propose measures to improve road safety and to reduce accidents on theYaounde-Bafoussam road axis. Materials and method: The study used a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) including first of all, a site recognition through documents and site visit with the objective to collect the geometric parameters and the general condition of this road axis to get which parameters are responsible for road crashes. Secondly, the accident data on this axis was collected in the "Secretariat d'Etat à la Defense" (SED) database over a period of 2 years (from January 2019 to December 2020). Finally, a quantitative analysis of these data has been carried out with Microsoft Excel software, using accident frequency and the Injury Severity Density (ISD) criteria and field investigations at black spots locations in order to bring out optimal solutions. Results: This analysis showed that, on the one hand, the most critical road sections are the straight lines followed by the curves, which alone respectively count 62.75% and 23.53% on a total of 102 accidents recorded. Head-on and rear-end collisions are the most important representing respectively 35.29% and 21.57% of accidents. Road conditions and speeding are the major causes, responsible of respectively 18.06% and 16.90% of accidents. On the other hand, this analysis has helped to design a map of black spots on the Yaounde-Bafoussam axis, using ArcGIS software. This map presents the most accident-prone locations of which the most critical is the section linking Akak II to Kometou I, with the highest severity index (5.77). Solutions: At the end of this analysis, the following main solutions were proposed: the adoption of a single speed limit (80 km/h) except at specific points, the increasement of the number of lanes (2x2) of the Yaounde-Obala section, the installation of audio-tactile marker lines, the enlargementof the shoulder's width (2 m), the regular maintenance of roads, guardrails, and horizontal and vertical signage.

Keyword: Safe System Approach, Road safety, Road crashes, Road accident, Infrastructure parameters.

Tamirat Derilo Alambo 1, Dr. Ajay Babu Gangidi 2 and Ashenif Melese 3

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the causative factors of deforestation in the study area. It also assessed the land use land cover dynamics for last 20 years in the Woreda. This evaluated the areal extent, rate and patterns of forest cover change status in the study area for the last 20 years. In this study, a mixed research design of both qualitative and quantitative methods was employed. Both primary and secondary data sources were also used with simple random and purposive sampling techniques. The result revealed that cultivation land expansion, cutting trees for fire wood, charcoal production and expansion of grazing lands for livestock, cutting trees for constructions as well as using forest as source of income generation are the major causes of deforestation in the study area. The land use land cover dynamics assessment revealed that there is tangible land use land cover dynamics in the study area. Hence, Agricultural land, settlement and water body were increased by 75.5, 40.9 and 0.46 hectares respectively in the last 20 years. Whereas, bare land, grass land and forest were decreased by 23.7, 100.8 and 93.3 hectares respectively in the last 20 years. Therefore, it is recommended that protecting charcoal production, the implementation of the country's "Green Legacy" strategy and implementing land use planning in the Woreda awaking and creating awareness for the community about the forest conservation practices are the important remedies to minimize the deforestation rate in the Woreda.

Keyword: Deforestation, Land use Land cover, Change Detection, Green legacy

*1 Oketayo Oyebamiji O, 2 Akinnubi Rufus T, 3 Adeyemi Fredrick O. and 1 Iskilu Sodiq

ABSTRACT: The activity concentration of the gamma ray emitting from naturally occurring radionuclides 40K, 232Th and 238U in hospital waste dumpsite soil and vegetable samples at Ado-Ekiti were determined using gamma spectrometer CsI (Ti). Their mean activity concentration were 352.88 ± 42.79, 25.51 ± 3.21 and 19.33 ± 1.56 Bq/kg for soil samples and 1091.07 ± 132.10, 45.07 ± 5.67 and 24.47 ± 1.98 Bq/kg for vegetables respectively. Radiological parameters such as absorbed dose rate, radium equivalence, annual effective dose equivalent, internal and external hazard indices were calculated to know the hazardous nature of these environmental samples to the inhabitants of the study area. In most cases, the calculated radiological parameters for vegetables were relatively higher than the world average values and the control.

Keyword: Comparative analysis, Naturally occurring radionuclides, Soil and vegetables, Radiological parameters.

Asni Johari 1*, Risma Hesy Amrulia 2, Retni S. Budiarti 3, Ratna Sari Dewi 4

ABSTRACT: The study seeks to analyze the effect of cooperative learning model using snowball throwing type with scientific approach toward students' learning achievement in cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects. The treatment that used in the study is cooperative learning model by using snowball throwing type with scientific approach in the learning process The result showed that cooperative learning model by using snowball throwing type with scientific approach has positive influence toward students' learning outcomes in all three aspects. The average score of posttest in cognitive aspect of experiment class is higher than the score of posttest in control class. The result of hypothesis testing showed that the value of tcount = 2,60 and value of ttable = 1,67 (tcount>ttable). Then, the average score of affective aspect in experiment class is also higher than control class, with the value of tcount = 6,9 and the value of ttable = 1,67 (tcount>ttable). Thus, it can be concluded that cooperative learning model by snowball throwing type with scientific approach is effective to improve students' learning outcomes in term of cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects. This learning model enable students to share their opinion individually or in groups, develop good characters of the students, involve the cognitive process that used to encourage students' intellectual especially in high order thinking while they are identifying, understanding, and overcome the problem, and then apply them in the learning process. Furthermore, it makes the learning process focused on students' centered. Thus, it will improve students' critical thinking skills.

Keyword: The effect; Cooperative Learning Model; Snowball Throwing; Scientific; Learning Outcomes.

Kithinji Rugendo Wairambu 1 & Prof. Mercy Wanja Njagi 2

ABSTRACT: One major goal of education is to promote the development of metacognitive learning. Metacognitive learning emphasis active control over the cognitive process engaged in mathematics learning through application of higher order thinking. When teachers presents information by making use of existing schema or in a way that helps students organize the mathematical information do enhance conceptual understanding. Deep conceptual understanding enables learners to transfer new knowledge into new situations and apply it in new contexts. Both cognitive and metacognitive approaches are necessary for deepening learners' understanding and that they may lead to improved performance. The overall students' performance in mathematics at the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) has been low compared to other subjects. The preferred mode of delivery by mathematics teachers is teacher-centered approach that does not inculcate content and conceptual knowledge that is required in most disciplines and higher education institutions. The present study investigated the effect of the Metacognitive learning approach on secondary school students' achievement based on the topic Formulae and Variations in mathematics. The Research employed a Quasi-experimental design and in particular Solomon Four Design. A stratified random sampling technique was used to draw four boys' and four girls' extra county participating secondary schools. Assignment of the four schools in each category to either experimental or control group was done through simple random sampling. A sample size of 360 form three students was used. Students in the experimental groups were taught Formulae and Variations using Metacognitive Learning Approach (MLA) while control groups were taught the same topic using Conventional Teaching Approach (CTA). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test, one-way ANOVA and Turkey post HOC. The hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance. Data analysis was undertaken with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 software. The study showed that Metacognitive Learning Approach (MLA) resulted to higher students' scores in mathematics. The study recommends that teacher training institutions, Kenya Curriculum (KICD) and mathematics teachers should enact MLA approach as a preferred mathematics learning approach in Kenyan secondary schools. The findings of the study form basis for future research on innovative teaching approaches in mathematics education.

Keyword: Metacognitive Learning Approach, Conventional Teaching Approach, Achievement and Kitui County

Jenyliza T. Ucang 1

ABSTRACT: The study sought to develop the emerging practices of the mathematics teachers in Bukidnon. Responses of the fourteen public secondary school teachers in the interviews were coded, clustered, and categorized through constant comparison of incidents and memos. From the analysis of all these data, the following practices of mathematics teachers in Bukidnon emerged: ask God's providence; teach with a heart, apply reflective teaching; resourceful; maintain good communication skills in communicating about the course, assignments, procedures and all others; engage students; use humour; provide clear and precise instructions; give room to individualized learning to progress at their own pace; offer encouragement and provide frequent, timely and positive feedback; involve students in decision making; use peer learning; love the subject/job; establish mathematics goals to focus learning; implement tasks that promote reasoning and problem solving; use and connect mathematical representations; facilitate meaningful mathematical discourse; pose purposeful questions; build procedural fluency from conceptual understanding; support productive struggle in learning mathematics; elicit and use evidence of student thinking; monitor student work and always teach on grade level; give multiple mini-assessments; understand (and accept) various methods of solving a problem; work collaboratively; develop metacognitive strategies; value parental/familial involvement; pursue lifelong learning; monitor student work; accessible to students; allow students to progress through assignments at their own pace; provide help to understand and practice new knowledge; and enable students to ask questions.

Keyword: Teaching practices, practices of mathematics teachers; practices of mathematics teachers in a rural area; twenty-first century mathematics teachers practices; practices of teachers in Bukidnon

Jenyliza T. Ucang 1 ; Maryjoy S. Bacus 2; Anecil Q. Pagutayao 2; Hazel E. Soliven 2; Anabelle B. Beronio 2; Karen Debie J. Cosrojas 2; Mildred O. Tabaosares 3; Jeanny L. San Pascual 2

ABSTRACT: Recognizing the University's vision in line with national development, it commits itself to using its primary functions of education, research, extension, and production to enhance the lives of people and communities. True to this mission, colleges must implement extension programs, initiatives, and activities aligned to their academic offerings and will impact change by empowering community members. This study conducted assessed the impact of the community extension programs of Central Mindanao University College of Agriculture on the extension study conducted at Mibantang Quezon, Bukidnon. The objectives are as follows: 1) determine the profile of respondents concerning age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, occupation, income, and language spoken 2) Impact Assessment on the Extension program zeroing in on these three (3) domains namely knowledge, attitudes, values & skills; 3) Challenges Encountered during planning, implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation phase. The study used a descriptive research design with a survey questionnaire as the main instrument. Guide questions were also utilized to serve as a guide when respondents were personally interviewed. A total of 21 recipients of the College of Agriculture extension programs and services were utilized as respondents. Frequency, percentages, and t-test were used as statistical tools. Results revealed a significant difference in the respondents' knowledge, skills, values and attitudes, and environmental impact. Moreover, the extension activity made a lot of changes in their lives. They were happy that they participated in this extension activity.

Keyword: Impact Assessment, Knowledge, Attitudes & Values, Skills, Extension Program, Program Evaluation